Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Relationship Between The Children And Their Parents â⬠Free Samples
Question: Discuss about the Relationship Between The Children And Their Parents. Answer: Introduction: One of the most elemental relationships in the society can be considered the relationship between the children and their parents. Despite of love, care and a sense of responsibility, a significant part of the relationship between the children and their parents, is founded on the concept of dependence. It has to be mentioned in this context that, the children depend on their parents for a myriad of resources, for food, shelter, clothing, mostly all the basic necessities of life. However, as the children grow up to be adult human beings, the dependence factor of the relationship is slowly but steadily reduced. In most cases the parents cease from supporting their children with financial resources as they move through their early adulthood. However, the question in this regard can be whether the lack of financial support imparts a detrimental effect on the lives of the adult children and whether the parents should continue to support their children financially even after they are past t he legal age of adulthood (Fingerman et al., 2012). According to a vast majority of research scientists, the importance of familial ties is much more influential than the romantic ties in human life. It has to be mentioned that familial ties are not just multidimensional but are also multidirectional. And for the same purpose the extent of relationship ties on the children and parents have been studied very extensively. However, it has to be mentioned as well, that the extent of responsibility and the extent as the familial ties of the adult children towards their parents have been studied more extensively while the counterpart have not been studied as extensively yet. However, the financial support provided to the children by their parents serves to be one of the most fundamental pillars of their life. Hence when that support is suddenly pulled from their lives, the support system and psychology of the children suffers significantly (Kirkpatrick Johnson, 2013). On the other hand the conventional ideologies in the society dictate that the adult children are ought to provide financial assistance to their parents. However, according to the most of the research analysts and critiques, there is a fundamental law in this societal preconceived notion. There are many instances where the children despite being in the years of early adulthood cannot afford to take financial responsibility of their parents and therefore, such predestined societal expectations complicate the scenario significantly where the extra load responsibilities may potentially affect the relationship status and psychological inclinations in the children towards their parents (Chevalier et al., 2013). If we examine the statistics of the role familial relationships play in the Australian context, it can be stated that when people felt their financial resources to be dwindling and their own earnings are not sufficient to keep them afloat, the support from the family helps in elevat ing the stress and overcoming the challenges that low financial strength imposes on day to day life. in such situations, financial support from the parents to their adult children have been proved to be one of the most supportive factors in the lives of the adults and contributes significantly on maintaining the lifestyle standards of the children (Wightman et al,, 2013). One of the most important elements that have the maximal impact on the issue under consideration is the fact that parental obligation for providing financial support to the children is slowly diminished as the children become adults. However, many of the authors have indicated this preconceived societal notion to be wrong and rather detrimental to the psychological wellbeing of the children. According to Daatland, Herlofson Lima, (2011), withdrawing parental financial support in the young adulthood can facilitate many hardships in the lives of the children. It has to be understood that most of the young adults pursue higher education in this phase of life, and parental financial support provides the massive chunk of financial stability in their life. On a similar note, Padilla-Walker, Nelson Carroll, 2012, argued this phase of early adulthood to be a semi-independent phase in their lives when they still are trying to get enough educational qualifications that will enable them to be completely financially independent. If parental financial support is withdrawn in that stage, the children have been seen to discontinue pursuing higher education and the lifestyle standard of the children is compromised. And often these children are found to move astray towards the darker side of life. Elaborating on this issue a bit more, it can be considered that in most cases where when children earn according to the basic lifestyle standards in the adulthood, they delve to the darker side of the society, whether trying to make more money by improper means or decide to quit trying. A vast proportion of the young adult suicide rates can be linked to the fact that they could not afford to financially support themselves on their own and without getting any support, delve towards suicidal tendencies. Along with that, tendencies towards recreational drugs can also be associated with the inability of young adults to support themselves financially (Hamilton, 2013). Now, another important issue to the fact is that young adult children receive differential extent of support depending on the socio-economic status of the family that they belong to. Studies have revealed that children from upper class or middle class families receive higher financial support than the support that children of lower or working class families get. According to the studies by Beijersbergen et al., (2012), most of the children who do not receive financial support in the early adulthood belong to families that lack financial stability. The pressure of maintaining financial stability is seen to force the children to leave their education abruptly. Hence, based on the information that is available in the published journal it can be interpreted that the impact of parental financial support is extremely important for the overall wellbeing of the young adult children. However it has to be understood there is a significant gap in the literature, and one of the most important sectors in this idea can be the fact that the previous research studies have only focussed on the need for parental financial support and how it is imperative for the wellbeing of children (Hartnett et al., 2013). However, there is significant detrimental impact of extended financial support from parents on the financial independence of the children. Excessive parental support can lead to children not feeling the need for financial independence and their dependency can continue to increase. In such scenarios it is very important to standardize parental financial support to their children, so that an age bar can be identified beyond which the children can be hop ed to attain financial stability and parental financial support can be withdrawn without potentially causing any harm to the well being of the children (Leonard, 2013). Along with that, changes in parental perception are another key issue that has not been explored in previous researches. As the extent of support depends on the perception of the parents regarding the need for financial support on the lives of their children, this research study will attempt to explore whether children ought to provide financial support to parents during financial difficulty or parents needs to provide financial support to children during financial difficulty. Discussion The main intention of this research was to explore peoples insight regarding the norm of extending support to family members during financial crisis. Research on this topic came from the explanation of filial obligations and parental obligations in family norms. Filial obligation was related to responsibility of children to provide financial help to parents during financial difficulties whereas parental obligations was defined as the parents duty to extend financial support to their children when they face financial issues in life (Daatland, Herlofson Lima, 2011). The research question for the study was related to these two obligations as it aimed to explore whether people favour filial obligations or parental obligations in times of financial difficulties. The main expectation from the survey results was to gain useful information regarding support for filial or parental obligations and the character of filial norms or parental norms in different age groups and gender. The t-test o f the participants response mainly revealed that participants were more in favour of children providing support to parents financially rather than parents supporting children financially. However, the most critical aspect of this response is to determine the relationship between age of participants and their response to the research question. Analysing this aspect of the result was critical because there are some people who feel that parental support and attention is important for children till adolescence whereas other people feel that parents are responsible for children even when they reach adulthood (Jones, 2014). The statistical analysis of the results in the context of examining the relationship between age of participants and their response to survey questionnaire revealed a positive relationship between age and level of disagreement that children should support parents financially. This implies that with increase in age, participants gave less agreement to the fact that children should support parents financially. On the contrary, increase in age was linked with greater support for parental obligations for supporting their children financially. This is indeed a significant opinion, however it also points out to the inconsistency in research outcome. For instance, the overall response favours that children should support their parents financially, however there is a need to identify why increase in age of participants is associated with less agreement for children supporting their parents financially. This means that there must be a link to cultural factors, family background and economic b ackground of the participants that might be changing the opinion of participants with age. For instance, some adult children might be financially dependent on their parents due to low esteem and issues of depression and social anxiety in their life (Cohen, Mannarino Deblinger, 2016). On the other hand, parents with a strong financial background may not rely on financial support and they might have inculcated the same values to their children that everyone needs to be independent. Level of affection might also be a factor that encourages parents to support children financially all the time (Neal Hammer, 2017). The strength of the research procedure is that questions were tactically designed to analyse the factors that affect response of participants in relation to the research question. For instance, question 13 and 21 focused on evaluating the rationale behind supporting parental or filial obligation and the options provided to participants included history of relationship between parent and children, level of affection between parent and child, importance of fostering independence and the financial circumstances of the adult. According to conventional view, all parents who bring a child into existence are obligated to care for their child at times. This view about parental obligations is given in studies mainly in the context of rearing the child and caring for them during their upbringing (Swartz OBrien, 2016). However, there is lack of insight regarding how the role may reverse once their child grows into a financially independent and mature adult. The main significant of this researc h is that survey with participants between age group of 18 to 77 years has clarified whether the role of parents has reversed or not. The relationship between parental obligation to their adult children and vice versa in different contexts have been tactically explored by the survey questionnaire 13 and 21. In this context, the highest response was found in the level of affection between parents followed by parents financials circumstances. This is also consistent with Schwarz et al., (2005) opinion that parent-child relationship is characterized by emotional bond and frequent contact. Hence, support given to parents has links with norms and values of child and the quality of relationship between parent-child. The survey was successful in finding out whether filial obligation or parental obligation is favoured by participants. In addition, exploring the outcome related to the relationship of the response with age of participants was an effective step as it helped to explore the transition from foster care to emerging adulthood and the quality of intimate relationship between parent-child. The relationship between less agreement for children supporting parents with increasing age is also understood from Kirkpatrick Johnson, (2013) study as it discussed about the diversifying transition to adulthood and longer time taken by young people to achieve financial independence. In this context, the positive relation between age and disagreement with children obligation to provide financial support to parents is justified. In addition, young generation today remain in semi-independent state for a longer time due to high investment in higher education and job training. For this reason, seeking financ ial assistance from parents for a longer age is justified. The benefits of conducting research in the area of filial obligation and parental obligation is that it has helped to explore the changes in parent-child relationship, perception of family values and perception of independence with time and cultural context. The participants response has favoured that children should financially support their parents and this is reflective that relationship bond and family values favour such response. The role of parenting has been found critical in inculcating family values and family support in young children. For instance, Chen, Wu, (2016) has discussed that filial piety is a culture specific concept where emotional and material support offered to children is embedded in the sociocultural context of family interdependence. Positive correlation exists between filial piety and reduced parent-child conflict. Hence, from the psychological point of view, this outcome may help psychologist to address conflicting issues in parent-child relationship and counsel both depressed children and parents regarding improving their relationship in life. This is because they can understand the psychological dynamics behind the childrens actions for providing financial support to their parents and vice versa. In terms of methodological challenges in conducting the research, it can be said that difference in age group of participants increased the analytical work for the study. This is because all data needed to precisely analyse with respect to age. One limitation is that four people did not reveal their age However, in a sample of 284 adults, it may have negligible effects. Another limitation of this study is that health issues of parents or their children were not included in survey questionnaire. This might have affected the response of participants because research has showed that children with mental illness or depression are likely to require more financial support from parents (Hazel et al., 2014). Hence, future research should focus on this area to enhance the transferability of the research. Another limitation is that the study cannot be replicated in other countries because in countries in Asia and Africa, adults are expected to financially support their aging parents and resear ch done in these countries would have given contrasting results. Despite this limitation, finding will also contribute to important implications for informing parenting practice. This is because developmental outcomes of children is affected by the parenting support given to them in their early years of life. Reciprocal filial piety will develop positive development outcomes and values in children and parents may be educated about the importance of effective parenting in developing supportive norm and family values in their children. This is likely to foster positive parent-child relationship References Beijersbergen, M. D., Juffer, F., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2012). Remaining or becoming secure: Parental sensitive support predicts attachment continuity from infancy to adolescence in a longitudinal adoption study.Developmental psychology,48(5), 1277. Chen, W. W., Wu, C. W., Yeh, K. H. (2016). How parenting and filial piety influence happiness, parentchild relationships and quality of family life in Taiwanese adult children.Journal of Family Studies,22(1), 80-96. Chevalier, A., Harmon, C., OSullivan, V., Walker, I. (2013). The impact of parental income and education on the schooling of their children.IZA Journal of Labor Economics,2(1), 8. Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Deblinger, E. (2016).Treating trauma and traumatic grief in children and adolescents. Guilford Publications. Daatland, S. O., Herlofson, K., Lima, I. A. (2011). Balancing generations: on the strength and character of family norms in the West and East of Europe.Ageing Society,31(7), 1159-1179. Fingerman, K. L., Cheng, Y. P., Wesselmann, E. D., Zarit, S., Furstenberg, F., Birditt, K. S. (2012). Helicopter parents and landing pad kids: Intense parental support of grown children.Journal of Marriage and Family,74(4), 880-896. Hamilton, L. T. (2013). More is more or more is less? Parental financial investments during college.American Sociological Review,78(1), 70-95. Hartnett, C. S., Furstenberg, F. F., Birditt, K. S., Fingerman, K. L. (2013). Parental support during young adulthood: Why does assistance decline with age?.Journal of family issues,34(7), 975-1007. Hazel, N. A., Oppenheimer, C. W., Technow, J. R., Young, J. F., Hankin, B. L. (2014). Parent relationship quality buffers against the effect of peer stressors on depressive symptoms from middle childhood to adolescence.Developmental psychology,50(8), 2115. Johnson, M. D., Galambos, N. L. (2014). Paths to intimate relationship quality from parentadolescent relations and mental health.Journal of Marriage and Family,76(1), 145-160. Jones, L. P. (2014). The role of social support in the transition from foster care to emerging adulthood.Journal of Family Social Work,17(1), 81-96. Kirkpatrick Johnson, M. (2013). Parental financial assistance and young adults' relationships Leonard, J. (2013). Maximizing college readiness for all through parental support.School Community Journal,23(1), 183. Neal, M. B., Hammer, L. B. (2017).Working couples caring for children and aging parents: Effects on work and well-being. Psychology Press. Padilla-Walker, L. M., Nelson, L. J., Carroll, J. S. (2012). Affording emerging adulthood: Parental financial assistance of their college-aged children.Journal of Adult Development,19(1), 50-58. Schwarz, B., Trommsdorff, G., Albert, I., Mayer, B. (2005). Adult parentchild relationships: Relationship quality, support, and reciprocity.Applied Psychology,54(3), 396-417. Swartz, T. T., OBrien, K. B. (2016). Intergenerational support during the transition to adulthood.Routledge Handbook of Youth and Young Adulthood, 205. Wightman, P. D., Patrick, M., Schoeni, R. F., Schulenberg, J. E. (2013). Historical trends in parental financial support of young adults.Population Studies Center Research Report, (13-801).
Wednesday, April 22, 2020
This Essay Is For Studenst Who Have Recently Been Asked To Write A Com
This Essay is for studenst who have recently been asked to write a comedy about wombats. Here is a little help to get you started. Lookout for Wombats. Nack Nack. Have you ever heard that before, perhpas you have. Nack Nack is the sound that wombats emmit at a super low frequency. 4 hertz is the frequency and when you hear that it makes your internal organs explode. If you have ever heard of that happening to somebody, there has always been a wombat at the scene of the crime. Wombats are planning to take over the world by building up an army of them, coming across some humans and making there Nack Nack sound at the super low frequency. If we do not do something about the wombats it will be the end of the human race forever. Wombats can sneak up on you very easily, and as soon as you hear Nack Nack, your already wasted. I suggest that you lookout for wombats at all times and if you ever see one the G-11 Sub Machine Gun is worthy weapon to take the wombats out. Heres the problem though, if you come face to face with a wombat and your only packing a hundgun, thats not gonna peirce the armour of it. You definetly need a high powered weapon, cyanid e tipped bullets and above all else. Lookout for Wombats. Nack Nack.
Thursday, April 16, 2020
The Importance of the Rough Draft of an Essay Sample
The Importance of the Rough Draft of an Essay SampleThe rough draft of an essay sample is similar to a rough draft of the introduction to a student's portfolio. In both instances, it presents a broad outline for what an essay will contain, and serves as a guideline for the student's writing, but it is not the final draft that is created and accepted as the final work.A rough draft is an outline of what the final output should look like. Writing the final essay involves more than just knowing what needs to be said and writing it down. It also involves following the outline until it matches the final product.This makes it very important to get started with a rough draft, and to use it as a starting point for ideas before the actual essay itself. The rough draft of an essay sample enables the writer to see if the ideas he or she has presented are consistent with the overall theme of the piece. Not only does this enable the writer to see if his or her ideas fit in with the intended topic , but also to see if he or she understands the subject.After the rough draft of an essay sample is completed, it should be amended to match the intended topic. The idea behind the rough draft is to start with a general outline of the essay, and then write the actual bulk of the content to match that outline. Any ideas should also be incorporated before writing the rough draft.Using a rough draft as a foundation for the final draft also allows the writer to better understand his or her own style. The writer can develop a style by observing how he or she writes about certain topics. If the ideas within the rough draft were different from the overall direction the work is going, it will allow the writer to see if his or her style of writing will be acceptable.An essay samples is used for anotherpurpose as well. The writer can use the rough draft as a guide to help him or her determine if a topic would be appropriate for a particular class. For example, if the professor uses a personal experience when addressing a certain topic, it is quite possible that the student will consider the topic too personal if the professor uses an anecdote instead of a real life example.Therefore, the outline of an essay sample serves as an outline of the topic that is to be addressed in the actual composition. It is also useful in assisting the writer to know what other subjects he or she should avoid for fear of his or her writing not being professional enough.The above paragraphs outline just a few reasons for using a rough draft of an essay sample. If you truly want to produce a great piece of written work, you should consider using this process for both the outline and the actual writing.
Monday, March 16, 2020
Recording essays
Recording essays Multi-track recording isnt something new that came with digital technology, but the digital revolution has taken this recording process to a whole new level. Since a multi-tracked recording that has been saved onto a computer disk is nothing more than a computer file, it can easily be moved through the Internet to multiple locations. The biggest advantage is that a musician can now literally e-mail his unfinished recording to another musician. Then the other musician can lay down a new track onto the original recording and then e-mail it back to the original guy. Basically, the recording can be made one track at a time without the musicians ever having to leave their homes. This isnt practical for large recording stars, but for small musicians it can be an incredible tool for creating and recording their own songs. Computer-based recordings emergence in the music world has brought the cost of recording music down to a point where nearly every musician can afford to make his own quality musical recordings. In the early days of analog recording up until the early 1990s, hardly anyone without a huge record deal were able to make quality recordings of their own music. However, tape-based analog recorders began to become obsolete, analog 4-track recorders began to go down in price to where even the lowliest musician could afford them. This was of course due to the increased presence of available digital equipment, which was at the time still very expensive. Costs for digital recording equipment quickly began to go down as well. In 1991, Alesis introduced an ADAT machine (Advanced Digital Audio Tape) that provided eight tracks of digital recording ability for only $3995.00. One can currently purchase a sixteen-track digital recorder with its own built-in hard drive for around $1500.00. Thanks to this digital revolution in recording, people could now have their material on the street for less money and time. Th...
Saturday, February 29, 2020
Captive Killer Whales
Captive Killer Whales In captivity, many orcas suffer from poor physical and mental health. In the wild, they can easily travel 50 to 100 miles a day. However, in captivity, a typical tank is only twice their size, forcing the animals to swim in small circles or float aimlessly. ââ¬Å"The stress of captivity can drive orcas and other marine mammals to display neurotic behaviors that, understandably enough, can lead to tragic consequencesâ⬠, says Elliot Katz, president of In Defense of Animals, an animal welfare advocacy group. These results can include premature death, depression, and injury to trainers. ââ¬Å"Science has confirmed that in captivity, dolphins and whales suffer from high mortality rates, low breeding success and may endure physical and psychological disorders. There is no justification for the capture, trade, and display of these wild animalsâ⬠, according to Daniel Turner of the Born Free Foundation, another organization dedicated to conservation and animal welfare. In the wild, killer whales typically travel in pods of between five and 30. Sometimes pods combine to form a group of 100 orcas with a complex social hierarchy led by females. Researchers believe that killer whales possess an advanced system of communication, with different dialects. In captivity, killer whales are often isolated, except during shows and training. They are unable to communicate with each other or form social relationships as they would in the wild. Another immoral practice is the mass breeding of these whales. They are being overbred, crossbred, and even inbred. Tilikum, the largest orca in captivity, is the chief sperm source of SeaWorld, and activists believe his value as a stud is the main reason why SeaWorld will not release him back into the wild. Often breeding methods pose safety conditions and threaten the animals health. In the wild, orcas choose their own mates, and the families stay together for life. To communicate, navigate, and hunt for food, orcas rely on echolocation, which is the process of emitting sound and then interpreting the vibrations. The sound waves bounce off objects and travel back, telling the orca what is around it. In captivity, tanks are made of solid concrete, which causes sound waves to bounce off the walls, making it impossible for orcas to locate food or navigate using echolocation. Many captive killer whales die prematurely, with the average life at about ten years. In the wild, they live between 50 and 80 years. The first orca held in captivity lasted one day; she swam around her enclosure at high speeds, ramming into the sides of her tank. Killer whales in captivity pose a danger to trainers, with four documented deaths and a long list of attacks. The most recent occurred in 2010, when Tilikum allegedly grabbed his trainer, Dawn Branà ¬cheau, by her hair and dragged her underwater. Tilikum, whose stage name is Shamu at SeaWorld Orlando, weighs 12,000 p ounds, and Branà ¬cheau was one of their most experienced trainers. ââ¬Å"When these animals are taken into captivity, they can à ¬become very hostile, depressed, and even suicidalâ⬠, says Howard Garrett, director of the nonprofit Orca Network. Tragically, Tilikum had also been involved in an earlier death of a trainer, in 1991, when Keltie Lee Byrne accidentally fell into the tank. A homicide investigation showed that Tilikum and two other orcas prevented Byrne from getting out of the pool, causing her to drown. After Brancheaus death, Tilikum was banned from public appearances. However, just 13 months later, he rejoined the cast of Believe, SeaWorldââ¬â¢s most popular dolphin and whale show. In 2009, trainer Alexis Martinez, was killed by Keto, a 14-year-old male orca, during a training session. Keto held Alexis underwater. His autopsy revealed a violent death, with numerous scrapes, bruises, fractures, and several teeth marks. Although his immediate cause of death was drowning, the report states that the fundamental cause was ââ¬Å"mechanical asphyxiation due to compression and crushing of the thoracic abdomen with injuries to the vital organsâ⬠. In other words, Keto violently crushed his trainer. Non-fatal attacks by captive killer whales on humans have also occurred. In 1984 at SeaWorld California, two killer whales grabbed the legs of their trainer, Bud Krames, and pinned him against a glass wall during a show. Krames eventually left his job ââ¬â and he isnââ¬â¢t the only trainer working with orcas to do so; in one year, a total of 35 orca trainers left their jobs. There have been over 100 documented attacks in captivity, but no human deaths from orcas have been recorded in the wild. Only one attack has been documented involving a killer whale in the wild, but this was probably due to mistaken identity, since the victim was surfing in an area highly populated with seals, orcas natural food source. These cases prove that unnatural living conditions in captivity are the most likely cause of aggressive behavior and attacks on humans. It is unfair and immoral to profit from the mistreatment of animals. Killer whales are the main attraction at many marine parks and, without them, park attendance would drop drastically. Therefore, these facilities want to keep attendance levels high by offering shows that provide entertainment and allow guests to view the animals up close. Orcas are suffering major physical and mental problems due to their captivity, such as broken teeth from gnawing on steel gates, dorsal fin collapsing from lack of exercise, and signs of depression. However, the shows go on.
Thursday, February 13, 2020
Mao zedong Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words
Mao zedong - Research Paper Example He became the main participator in the United Front. Mao was appointed as leader of the Peasant Movement Training Institute. Maoââ¬â¢s work included organizational and ideological instruction for peasant leaders. The opportunity opened Maoââ¬â¢s eyes to the potential of the Chinese peasants to engage in a revolution.2 Mao married Yang Kaihui, a daughter of one of his Beijing Universityââ¬â¢s mentors, in 1921. In 1930, Yang was executed by the Kuomintang. However, Mao had begun to stay with an 18-year old girl, He Zizhen. In the next nine years, they had sired five children. Mao divorced He in 1937 and married Jiang Qing. 1937 became a cataclysmic year for every person involved in the Chinese Revolution. Mao and his fellow Communists were involved in the futile southern China after the April Shanghai coup. The experience resulted into a distrust of Soviet advice. There was a deep animosity toward Chiang Kaishek that resulted in a search for new strategies to a mass-based revolution. Mao moved with a small group of loyalists to Jinggangshan, a mountainous and forested region in the province of Jiangxi. It was here that Mao faced the reality of real rural revolution.3 The political attitudes of Mao materialized against a background of great crisis in China in early 20th century. China was weak and divided. The main national problems were the need to reunify China and to expel foreign occupiers. Mao, who was young, was seen as a nationalist. He was strongly anti-imperialist and anti-Western and even before becoming attracted to Marxism. His nationalism combined with his combativeness to admire the martial spirit- martial spirit later became a pillar of Maoism. 4 There was a strong need for change and social reform. Chinaââ¬â¢s social structure was obsolete. For instance, the gentry class was an obstacle to modernization. This class dominated the peasants, who comprised the significant majority
Saturday, February 1, 2020
Bussines environment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Bussines environment - Assignment Example I will try to provide the information as per my knowledge and understanding. LO 1.1 Generally, business organisations can be broadly segregated as public sector organisations and private sector organisations. The organisations that are owned and run by the government are termed as public sector organisation (Adams & Periton, 2006, p.86). The organisations where the ownership lies with private owners are called the private sector organisations. These private sectors organisations can run the business either with the motto of earning profit or they can be non-profit making organisations that do not conduct the business for monetary gains (Beamish & Ashford, 2006, p.256). Before discussing different type of profit making organisations, I would like to explain the main purpose of non-profit making organisations. Generally, these organisations intend to provide services. While organisations like clubs and societies provide facilities and entertainment services to its members, charities of fer services to a particular group of people in the society who need help and assistance. These charities may also be involved with environment related issues (Lunt, 2010, p.9). The private organisations can be segregated into four broad categories. These are: sole proprietorship, partnership, private limited company and public limited company. The organisations and their purposes are explained as followed: Sole proprietorship: Such a business is owned by a single person, so he/she is the ââ¬ËBossââ¬â¢. The owner of the business is solely responsible for raising capital and combining all the resources required for production. Thus, the owner enjoys the profit earned by the business. This business is not a legal entity, so the owner has unlimited liabilities. Due to limitation in availability of capital, these businesses are comparatively smaller in size. The main purpose of sole proprietorship is to earn profit and thus it has limited role in social development (Minars, 2003, p.6). Partnership: As per the definition provided by Uniform Partnership Act, ââ¬Å"the association of two or more persons to carry on as co-owners of a business for profit, forms a partnership, whether or not the persons intend to form a partnershipâ⬠(Spadaccini, 2007, p.5). Such business organisation enjoys immense freedom and simplicity in terms of starting and operating the business. The partners may agree to start a partnership firm even with an oral agreement but this often results in misunderstanding and dispute. Therefore, it is advisable to maintain a formal written agreement that specifies all the terms and conditions. This type of business firm diversifies the business risk and the partners enjoy certain tax benefits. As the business does not result in formation of a separate entity, therefore the partners have unlimited liability. Such businesses do not contribute much to the society because the main purpose is earning profit (Spadaccini, 2007, p.5-6). Private lim ited: A private limited company is a legal entity which has limitation on the number of owners. Restriction is also on transfer of shares. The company cannot raise fund by public subscription (equity shares and debentures). The firm has to specify its area of activity in the article of association. However, it enjoys certain degree of liberty as it does not have to disclose all the financial information publicly (Morse, 2007, p.58). The main purpose
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